International Journal of Engineering Works- ISSN:2409-2770

International Journal of Engineering works

Kambohwell Publisher Enterprises

Vol. 1, PP. 1-5, Sept. 2014

www.kwpublisher.com

Development Trend of Chinese Hydroelectric Generation Technology

of Hydro Power Plant (HPP)

Rehan Jamil, Man Jamil, Zhao jinquan, Ming Li, Jiang Qirong, Rizwan Jamil

Abstract — Water power is a renewable energy which is
economically cheap, clean and reliable. Theoretical
hydropower resources of China amounted to 680 million kW,
the greatest in the world. For the water maintains circulating
according to a certain hydrologic cycle continuously and
uninterruptedly, the water resources are considered to be a
renewable energy. Therefore Hydropower is low cost due to
firstly, the energy carried by the water flow is the only energy
required for the power generation in the hydropower station.
Secondly, the applied equipment is simpler than that of thermal
power plant, thus costing less in maintenance and overhaul. If
taking the fuel consumption into consideration, the annual
operation cost of thermal power plant is 10—15 times higher
than that of hydropower plant. Beside hydropower is clean
during the course of hydropower generation, neither harmful
gas, smoke, dust, ash will nor nuclear pollution will be caused.
Hydropower generation has a high efficiency and conventional
hydropower plant can make use of 80% water resources, while
the heat efficiency of thermal power plant only reaches
30%~50%. In this paper, the study is established in the
necessary Engineering development of hydropower plants and
hydroelectric generation technology in China. The Chinese
model base of hydropower plants features, functions, flow
analysis chart and ecologic Issues are also discussed in this
paper.

Keywords — Renewable energy, Hydropower, Hydroelectric,
Generation, Function, analysis chart, ecologic issues

Introduction

The conventional energy sources falls into categories of
coal, petroleum, natural gas, wind power, solar power and
water power resources [1], [3]. The water power resource is a
renewable energy that equivalent to 345 billion tons of
standard coal (developable in technology) in gross reserves and
159 billion tons of standard coal (developable in economic) in
the residual exploitable gross, sharing 2.6% and 11.5%
respectively in the global gross reserves. Lump-sum investment
for hydropower station is greater [2], [4]. Massive civil works

This Research work is funded by National and International Scientific and
Technological Cooperation Projects of China (Grant number: 201 1DFA62380).

Rehan Jamil, Ming Li, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China, Email:
ch.rehan.jamil@gmail.com , Tel: +86-18388144878

rfan Jamil, Zhao Jinquan, Hohai Univrsity, Nanjing, China, Email:
irfan.edu.cn@gmail.com, Tel: +86-18311492880

Jiang Qirong, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, Email:
qrjiang@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn, Tel: +86-13910014893

Rizwan Jamil, Heavy Mechanical Complex ( HMC-3) Taxila, Rawalpindi,
Pakistan, Email: rizy951@gmail.com, Tel: +92-0312-5244035

and great flooding losses demand for more investment; and
huge amount of resettlement cost need to be paid; the long
project period impacts the capital turnover [14]. Even the
beneficiary's department's share the cost, the investment per
kilowatt is still much higher than that of thermal power station.
The turbine-generator unit features a flexible start/ shutdown
operation, quick output, increasing/ decreasing operation and
large output variable amplitude, deemed as an ideal means for
the regulation of peak load and frequency and the emergency
auxiliary power supply. The ecological impact must be
considered when construct a hydropower plant. If a larger
reservoir is built, more area will be flooded and more people
need to relocate, influencing people's production and living
conditions and the living environment of the wildlife and
meanwhile changing the original hydrological conditions as a
result of regulated flow by the reservoir [15].

Hydroelectric power generation |

Figure 1 . Large Hydroelectric power generation-scheme components [8]

I. FUNCTION OF HYDROPOWER IN POWER SYSTEM

The electric energy supplied by the hydropower plant is
abundant, low-cost and pollution-free [5]. It shares 22% of the
total electric energy, and costs much less [6] .The main
functions of hydropower in the power system are a function of
load & frequency regulation and Function of Energy Storage.
The hydropower plant functions as the frequency and load
regulation [8]. For the heat stress, the thermal plant is difficult
to start and connect to the power network within a short time
while the operation of the hydropower is more convenient and
fast. Therefore, the hydropower plant is capable and
responsible for load and frequency regulation in the power
system [5], [6]. The energy in the power system is unstable and
the difference between peak and valley of some power
networks are great. For this problem, we suggest construct
pumped-storage power plants, utilizing the surplus power at
valley to pump the water from downstream to the upstream

reservoir [6]. The pumped and stored water will be utilized for
the power generation in the peak load.

Water
Valve

'"ai a^e

Synchronous
Generator

Water ^J/a ^ s

Turbine ~° I v / ^q

Power

Speed Control

Figure 2. Typical Monitoring Parameters Configuration Diagram of Francis
Type Hydroelectric Generating Unit

n. World Hydroelectric Power Generation

The hydroelectric power generation growth has been raised
gradually fast and steadily by an average 3% annually since
last four decades. About 16% of global electricity generation
has been accounted with 3,500 billion kW-Hours
hydroelectricity in 2011. Almost all large hydro dams probably
world's 45,000-plus were produced electricity only about 16%
of the world's need in recent 2011 [7]. Therefore hydropower
generation construction is going fast developing in over 160
countries. In fig. 3 chart as shown below, we can analysis world
hydroelectric generation's rate from 1965 to 201 1 [7].

Figure 3. Configuration of monitoring system for a hydroelectric application

Hydroelectric Generation byCountry 2011
(Billion Kilowatt-hours)

3.498 Billion Kilovatt-hours

The Fig .4 is shown as 4 countries dominate the
hydropower landscape: Brazil, China, Canada, and the USA.
Among these countries, they are producing more than half of
the world's hydroelectricity generation. The latest analysis
chart is shown as per country's hydroelectric generation
capacity in 2011 [7].

Share of Electricity from Hydropower
in Top Generating Countries. 2011

Noway

= 52
I 5 " 5 : 5

E e:e-

= .55 ?

Japan
Unrted States

Source : EPI from BP

Figure 5. Share of electricity from hydropower in Top Generating Countries,

2011

Fig. 5 shows sharing electricity capacity among the world's
largest producers, Norway becomes the greatest share of its
electricity from hydropower projects: a full 95%. Other
countries get the bulk of their electricity from river power
reported by world's energy resources [7].

III. Hydropower Development In China

Before 1949, only several hydropower plants operated in
nationwide. The installed capacity, then only amounted to
360MW and the annual output was 1.2 billion kW # h, ranked
the 20th and 21st place in the world respectively. Shilongba
Hydropower Station, located in the Dianchi area of Yunan
province, was the first hydropower plant of China built in 1912
with an installed capacity of 2920MW. Since the foundation of
New China in 1949, Chinese hydropower construction has
gained rapid and further development [11], [12]. From 1950s to
early 1960s, Fengman Dam and Power Station were renovated,
small projects like Longxi River and Gutian were continued
and some small, medium and small hydropower projects
(including power stations in Guanting, Huai River,
Huangtankou, Liuxi River) were constructed. In the late 1950s,
the cascade development for rivers like Shizitan,
Yanguoxia,Tuoxi, Xinfeng River, Xijing and Maotiao River,
Yili River, etc. were started.

From the middle 1960s to late 1970s, projects of Gongzui,
Yinxiuwan, Wujiangdu, Bikou, Fengtan, Longyangxia,
Baishan and Dahua were commenced. In the beginning of
1970s, Liujiaxia Hydropower Station, China's first station with
installed capacity more than 1000MW, went into operation. In
1980s, the Gezhouba Hydropower Station with 2715MW
installed capacity was completed, followed by a series of large-
scale hydropower stations, including Three Gorges
Hydropower Station, which was officially started in 1994 with
18200MW installed capacity.

Figure 4. World Hydroelectric Generation by country, 201 1

International Journal of Engineering Works

Vol. 1,PP. 1-5, Sept. 2014

Fujian-Zhejiang-
Jiangxi area
;u.m>d 10.925 MW

V

Figure 6. Hydropower generation river reservoirs in china [10]

By the end of 2000, there had 18 large-scale hydropower
stations (storage station excluded), with 1000MW installed
capacity or above, completed or under construction around
China. The pumped storage power station has gained further
development either. It was constructed in the water-deficient
area and utilized to regulate the peak load on the power system.
The Guangzhou Pumped Storage Station, completed with 2.4
million kW installed capacity, is the 1st station of this type in
China and the largest pumped storage station in the world. In
addition, we had built Yamdrok Yum Tso Lake Hydropower
Station in Tibet, the pumped storage power station with the
highest elevation in the world. Besides, other pumped storage
power stations are built, including Henan Baoquan Pumped
Storage Power Station, Anhui Langyeshan Pumped Storage
Power Station, Shandong Taian p Pumped Storage Power
Station, Zhejiang Tongbo Pumped Storage Power Station,
Jiangsui Yixing Pumped Storage Power Station and Hebei
Zhanghewan Pumped Storage Power Station.

Hydroelectric Generation in China. 1965-2011

Bin

Figure 7. Hydropower generation in china from 1995-201 1

China is one of the largest dam hydro generation making
capacities in the world and much of the world's recent growth
came from China. A Chinese hydropower generation more
than tripled from 220 billion kilowatt-hours in 2000 to 720
billion in 2010. In 2011, despite a drop in generation due to
drought, waterpower reported for 15 percent of China's total
electricity generation [7].

IV. prospect Hydropower Development In China

China's water resources are rich in western areas,
occupying as much as 75% of China's [13]. However, only 8%
have been developed by now. Yunan province has the most
potential for the hydropower development in western areas
with 23.8% developable installed capacity of China [12]. Its
water resources are mainly distributed in 6 river systems:
Jinsha River, Lancang River, Nu River, Zhujiang, Hong River
and Irrawaddy River. With the implementation of develop-the-
west strategy, the west-east electricity transmission project will
take further advantage of the abundant water resources in the
west and promote the hydropower development of China. Now,
2 giant hydropower stations, Xiluodu Power Station and
Xiangjiaba Power Station, have been approved by the State
Council, to be the largest hydropower base in China. Xiluodu
Power Station, locating in the border of Sichuan and Yunan, is
designed with 13.86 million kW installed capacity and 57.12
billion kwh annual output; Xiangjiaba Power Station, locating
in the border of Sichun and Yunan, is designed with 6.4 million
KW installed capacity and 30.7 billion kwh annual output;
Compared with other large hydropower stations, they have the
following advantages: great regulating capability, less flooded
farmland and fewer resettlement, etc. The small hydropower
resources are abundant. The theoretical reserve is
approximately 150 million kW, the developable capacity is
about 70 million kW and the annual output is about 200 billion
-250 billion kWh. With features of dispersed resources, small
impact to the eco -environment, proven technology and small
investment, the small hydropower is more applicable in the
rural and mountainous area, especially for developing countries
[11], [12], [13].

I Non-Exploitation rate
I Exploitation rate

Figure I

Chart of national hydropower installed capacity and exploitation
rate

As a developing country, China's small hydropower
construction has gained great achievement [11], [12], [13]. For
now, 45,000 small hydropower stations have been completed.
The gross installed capacity reaches 55.12 million kW and
annual output amounts to more than 160 billion kWh,
occupying about 30% of China's hydropower installed capacity
and annual output. 2001 — 2010: large quantities of
hydropower stations were built and put into operation, like
Three Gorges, Longtan, Xiao wan, Gongbaxia, Shuibuya, etc.
By 2020, the national hydropower installed capacity will reach
330 million kW and the exploitation rate will rise to 60.6%.

International Journal of Engineering Works

Vol. 1,PP. 1-5, Sept. 2014

2011-2050: the exploitation rate of hydropower will go up to
approximately 89%.

V. Deep Development of Water Resources

It is proven that when the development of water resources
reaches a certain level, it will be more difficult to build a new
hydropower station because the more social cost is required.
Therefore, the developing mode will tend to deep development
from the construction of a new station. There are 3 forms of
deep development: expand capability and increase units;
develop and utilize the surplus water resources; increase
energy-stored units. According to incomplete statistics, there
have 16 large-scale hydropower stations in China having
expanded in capacity and increased in units, the added capacity
amounting to 3068MW and occupying 38% of the original. In
addition, a batch of hydropower stations has conducted small-
scaled expansion by combining the irrigation with the existing
hydraulic facilities, having promoted the utilization rate of
water power and supplied the spare power for flood control and
emergency as well. By 2020, the hydropower generating units
having operated for more than 30 years in China will have a
gross installed capacity of 52.184 million kW. If the expansion
rate is assumed to be 10%, the expanded capacity will amount
to 5.218 million kW; by 2050, the hydropower generating
units having operated for more than 25 years in China will
have a gross installed capacity of 328 million kW. If the
expansion rate is assumed as 10%, the expanded capacity will
amount to 32.8 million kW. It is clear that there has a great
room for hydropower generating unit's expansion, which is
considered as an important solution to cover the electricity
shortage at present and in future.

VI. Ecological Issues In Hydro Power Development

At present, the greenhouse effect has caught the world's
attention. Former Chinese Premier, Wen Jiabao, made a
commitment to the world in the Leader's Meeting of
Copenhagen Climate Change Summit held in Dec, 18th, 2009
that "We have set the new target of cutting carbon dioxide
emissions per unit of GDP by 40-45 percent by 2020. On the
basis of protecting the eco -environment, we have developed
hydro power in an orderly way, actively developed nuclear
power, and encouraged and supported the development of
renewable energy, including biomass, solar and geothermal
energy and wind power in the countryside, remote areas and
other places with the proper conditions." China attaches
importance to the eco -environment protection. Former Premier
Wen proposed that developing hydropower was an important
measure to cut carbon dioxide emissions. The river basin plan
of HPP construction should connect the hydropower
development closely with the economic and social
development [5]. The comprehensive exploration in
combination with flood control, water log control, irrigation,
water supply, fishery, tourism, soil erosion and water resources
and ecology protection should be taken into consideration. The
environmental concerns in hydropower station construction
and operation lie in as follows: vegetation deterioration and
soil erosion; channel filling by dregs and spoils; influence on
migrating aquatic animals and plants; noise in the course of
construction and operation, etc. Therefore, assessing the

environmental impact is necessary before the construction of a
hydropower station [14].

Conclusion

Water resource is renewable. As long as the water-cycling
system on the earth is workable, we can keep utilizing water
resource. Hydropower is considered to be a typical clean
energy, for it causes no water consumption, water and gas
pollution, and greenhouse gases. Renewable energy has been
playing an important role in China's overall energy plan in
recent years. Its use has many favorable outcomes and reliable
benefits of Chinese economic development. Therefore,
accelerating the engineering development widely in
hydropower generation technology and use of renewable
energy is an essential means for China to simultaneously deal
with the serious problems of energy production and supply as
well as environmental protection.

Acknowledgment

The authors would like to acknowledge financial support
from the Yunnan Normal University, National and
International Scientific and Technological Cooperation
Projects of China (Grant No. 201 1DFA62380).

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Vol. 1,PP. 1-5, Sept. 2014